Implementing the EU AI ACT at the national level: models and perspectives

Abstract

The essay analyzes the various models adopted by European Union Member States for the implementation of the EU AI Act, highlighting how the regulation is deeply impacting national systems at the regulatory, organizational, and institutional levels. Through a comparative review of national experiences, the author distinguishes between those states that have already adopted a comprehensive implementing law, those that rely on sector-specific legislation or regulatory acts, those still in the legislative development phase, and those without specific implementing measures. Particular attention is paid to defining the governance structures required by the European regulation, with regard to market surveillance authorities, notification authorities, and bodies responsible for the protection of fundamental rights. The analysis highlights national models characterized by a strong role of independent authorities and specialized agencies. The implementation of the AI Act represents not only a process of regulatory compliance, but also a deep transformation of forms of public governance, destined to redefine the relationship between technological innovation, the protection of fundamental rights, and public powers in European legal systems.