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Climate displacement under international law: the recent practice of human rights treaty monitoring bodies and other international judicial bodies
Lo “sfollamento climatico” nel diritto internazionale: la prassi recente degli organismi di monitoraggio dei trattati sui diritti umani e di altri organi giudiziari internazionali - The article examines the gradual emergence of international legal protection for persons displaced by climate-related environmental harm. It analyses recent jurisprudence and interpretative practice of international and regional human rights bodies, showing how existing legal norms – particularly the right to life and the prohibition of inhuman treatment – are increasingly applied to situations of environmental degradation and slow-onset disasters. Rather than creating a new category of “climate refugees”, these bodies have expanded the scope of established obligations, especially the principle of non-refoulement, by recognising that severe environmental conditions may expose individuals to a real risk of irreparable harm. The article further explores preventive and positive duties of States, including adaptation measures and the protection of vulnerable populations. It concludes that a coherent protection framework is gradually emerging through the interpretation of existing international law, and that human rights bodies and other international judicial institutions will play a key role in further shaping it. Keywords: Climate change; Environmental migration; Displacement; Human Rights; Non-refoulement
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Rethinking the status and protection of environmental migrants under international law
Ripensare lo status e la tutela dei migranti ambientali nel diritto internazionale - This paper argues that the definition of persons moving to escape environmental degradation and climate change should focus not on the causes of migration but on individuals’ vulnerability and the prevention of irreparable harm. Building on this premise, the author proposes a reinterpretation of the non-refoulement principle grounded in the indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights - including economic, social and cultural rights - and in the principle of effectiveness, which requires States to safeguard the essential content of rights at risk upon return. From this preventive, dignity-based perspective, non-refoulement must also cover foreseeable severe deprivations, thereby reshaping international protection frameworks. Keywords: International mobility; Environmental migrants; Vulnerability; Non-refoulement; Socio-economic rights
Climate injustice and the paradox of climate migration
Ingiustizia climatica e il paradosso della migrazione climatica - Firstly, the paper links migration to human-induced climate change through the lens of the ontological injustice characterizing human-induced climate change. A formula is then proposed to better explain the non-linearity of the causal process linking greenhouse gas emissions with their final adverse effects. The perspective of (climate) vulnerability is furthermore introduced. Finally, the paper explains the paradox of climate change: to limit the impact of climate change on future migratory flows, it is not sufficient to act in the countries of origin of migrants, but it is necessary to immediately act in the countries of destination of migrants. Keywords: Climate change; Climate migration; Climate vulnerability; Human rights; Climate justice
Climate litigation and climate-induced displacement: assessing judicial responses to a governance gap
Contenzioso climatico e migrazioni indotte dalle condizioni climatiche: un’analisi delle risposte del giudiziario a un governance gap - The escalating climate crisis exposes a critical governance gap regarding human displacement that international law has yet to adequately address. Here we show that strategic litigation is functioning as a necessary gap-filler through two distinct categories: cases seeking protection status (migration as subject) and systemic cases invoking displacement as evidence of harm (migration as impact). We find that while individual protection claims frequently founder on doctrinal obstacles, they nonetheless articulate legal standards that contribute to a transnational process of normative sedimentation. By analyzing case-law from international treaty bodies and domestic courts, we demonstrate how vulnerable communities are acting as norm entrepreneurs, compelling legal systems to begin recognizing state obligations spanning prevention and remedy. Our results highlight that this iterative judicial dialogue is gradually constructing a normative framework to manage climate mobility in the absence of specific legislative action. Keywords: Climate litigation; Climate-induced displacement; International human rights law; Non-refoulement; Climate migration
Climate migration between narratives and multilevel governance: genealogies, ambiguities, and emerging trajectories
La migrazione climatica tra narrazioni e governance multilivello: genealogie, ambiguità e traiettorie emergenti - This article examines the relationship between climate change and human mobility, challenging linear causal explanations and the conceptual validity of the “climate migrant” category. It highlights the fragmented nature of the international legal framework and the EU’s difficulty in articulating a coherent governance approach, despite emerging interpretive openings in national systems such as Spain and Italy. The contribution advances a relational perspective that captures the interplay between environmental, social and institutional factors, and frames mobility as a potential form of adaptation rather than a deterministic outcome. This approach supports the development of governance tools grounded in climate justice and shared responsibility. Keywords: Climate-induced mobility; Climate justice; Migration governance; Legal frameworks; Discursive constructions
Climate migration strategies in the MENA region: a thematic analysis of legal and political frameworks
Strategie di migrazione climatica nella regione MENA: un’analisi tematica della cornice giuridica e politica - Climate migration is increasing across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region as the climate change impacts intersect with political, social, and economic pressures. This paper aims to explore how states in the MENA region engage with climate migration and to analyse four thematic areas related to climate migration strategies: climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, regional cooperation, and intersectional vulnerability. Using a comparative legal and policy analysis, the paper examines national and regional frameworks, with examples from different countries in this region. The findings show that there is a significant gap in governance related to climate migration, as climate migration is underrepresented in climate policies. Moreover, weak governance and unequal structures undermine the level of protection mechanisms for displaced populations. Finally, the paper offers recommendations to strengthen anticipatory and rights-based responses. Keywords: Climate migration; MENA region; Adaptation governance; Disaster risk reduction; Regional Cooperation
Human rights protection for persons displaced across international borders due to climate change: from a remedial to an integrated human rights-approach
La tutela dei diritti umani dei migranti climatici: da un paradigma rimediale ad un approccio integrato human rights-based - International human rights bodies and experts have long recognized the profound effects of climate-related displacement on fundamental rights, as well as the persistent gaps in legal protection within the human rights framework. This article examines the issue from a wider perspective by outlining what an integrated human-rights-approach to climate displacement may look like. Thus, Section 1 and 2 examine, respectively, how human rights bodies, experts and scholars, have conceptualized climate displacement and its human rights implications, and assessed the potential and gaps provided by the human rights regime in responding to these challenges. Building on this analysis, Section 3 proposes an integrated human rights-approach, i.e., one that moves beyond the sole application of refugee and human rights law and provides both preventive and remedial measures. Keywords: Climate-induced displacement; Human rights law; Human-rights approach; Climate migration; Climate justice
Multinational enterprises and the Global South: defining the climate legal framework through three International Courts' Advisory Opinions
Imprese multinazionali e Sud globale: la definizione del quadro giuridico climatico attraverso tre International Courts' Advisory Opinions - This article examines the evolving international legal framework governing States’ obligations in relation to climate change, specifically focusing on the implications for multinational enterprises. The analysis pertains to the three recent Advisory Opinions delivered by the ITLOS, IACtHR and ICJ, which shed light on the scope of States’ climate obligations and their potential to influence corporate conduct. By extrapolating some key principles from these Opinions, the article seeks to identify how international law may contribute to guiding multinational enterprises toward sustainable practices, particularly in the Global South, thereby advancing a more coherent and updated legal framework for climate governance. Keywords: State obligations under international law; Climate change law and governance; Due diligence; Advisory opinions; Multinational enterprises
Climate migrants and integration: the challenges for the host communities. Comparing the European and the Australian cases
Migranti climatici e integrazione: le sfide per le comunità di accoglienza. Una comparazione fra Europa ed Australia - The essay critically assesses legal responses to climate-induced migration, highlighting the fragmentation of protection and inclusion measures. In the EU, protection is generally fragmented, relying on temporary or conditional statuses that fail to facilitate long-term integration. In stark contrast, the selective Australia-Tuvalu bilateral model grants a privileged status and specific entitlements. However, this approach raises ethical and political questions regarding the instrumentalization of protection and the discriminatory exclusion of other vulnerable groups from a comprehensive pathway. The resulting patchwork demands a cohesive, rights-based EU paradigm with a stable, convertible legal status and guaranteed access to comprehensive integration. Keywords: Climate migrants; Protection mechanisms; Inclusion policies; Legal fragmentation; Status
Climate-related migration within the EU legal framework: the dark side of the green transition
La migrazione climatica nel quadro giuridico dell’Unione Europea: il lato oscuro della transizione ecologica - This article examines climate-related migration within the European Union legal framework, highlighting the structural limits of existing asylum and protection categories in addressing environmentally driven mobility. It argues that the Common European Asylum System is ill-equipped to capture the multi-causal and slow-onset nature of climate-induced displacement. In the absence of a dedicated legal status, protection has increasingly relied on human rights law and the principle of non-refoulement. The article further explores the tension between the EU’s green transition objectives and its predominantly securitarian migration policies. It concludes that climate-related mobility constitutes a critical test of the EU’s capacity to adapt its legal order to emerging forms of vulnerability. Keywords: Climate-related migration; EU asylum law; Non-refoulement; Human dignity; Green transition
Dignity beyond borders and waters: navigating climate displacement & protection system in the Asia-Pacific
This article examines how the Asia–Pacific region is developing a pluralistic, rights-based protection system for climate-displaced persons amid persistent gaps in international law. Through a comparative analysis of global, regional, and domestic frameworks, it assesses how recent climate advisory opinions, regional cooperation mechanisms, and national relocation policies interact with existing human rights and climate regimes. The paper identifies converging normative trends, particularly on due diligence, participation, and statehood continuity, while underscoring limitations (historic and present) in cross-border protection, finance, and implementation. It argues for a rights-based approach that is enforceable and equitable. It also argues that long-term community-centred mobility pathways are imperative to address accelerating displacement in the face of the growing climate crisis. Keywords: Climate-induced displacement; Human mobility with dignity; International law; Statehood; Climate advisory opinions; Asia-Pacific
Scatole cinesi in Melanesia tra (mancata) decolonizzazione e micro statualità: Papua Nuova Guinea, Bougainville e Papaala
Nested Boxes in Melanesia: Between (Incomplete) Decolonization and Micro-Statehood: Papua New Guinea, Bougainville and Papaala - The article analyses Bougainville as a constitutional laboratory where incomplete decolonization, micro-state constraints, hybrid state–customary and interplay with a fictional state governance intersect. It traces Bougainville’s separation from the culturally akin Solomon Islands through German, Australian, and PNG rule, highlighting how extractive colonial economics (Panguna mine) fuelled secessionism. The 2001 Bougainville Peace Agreement (BPA) introduced asymmetric autonomy, a non-binding independence referendum, and disarmament, with double-entrenchment safeguards. Despite a 97.7% “yes” vote in 2019, independence remains stalled amid PNG parliamentary ratification disputes, slow transfer of powers, service deficits, and fiscal dependence. Furthermore, the self-proclaimed Kingdon of Papaala on Bougainvillean territory has become in the last decades a serious threat to the sovereignty of both PNG and Bougainville. King Pei II, a conman named Noah Musingku, is a charismatic leader, with a royal armed guard at his disposal, who exercise a strong control over the territory of his native Tonu village. Bougainville has still to face may challenges before getting her independence. Keywords: Bougainvilleness; Independence; Tradition; Fictional State; Religion
Gli effetti della pronuncia del 20 febbraio 2026 della Corte Suprema USA sulle relazioni commerciali internazionali: una possibile reviviscenza del multilateralismo?
The impact of the U.S. Supreme Court’s February 20, 2026 ruling on international trade relations: could it signal a revival of multilateralism? – This essay explores the reconfiguration of global trade following the US Supreme Court’s certiorari on February 20, 2026, which invalidated IEEPA-based tariffs for lacking congressional authorization. Central to this examination is the World Trade Organization’s legal framework, specifically the core principles and the systemic integrity of consolidated concessions. These multilateral standards are contrasted with the US unilateral surcharges reintroduced under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974. Furthermore, the inquiry scrutinizes the European Union’s legislative response through proposed regulations 2025/0260 and 2025/0261, highlighting the risks of a definitive drift toward bilateralism. By evaluating the responsibility of States in preserving collective governance, the paper concludes that the US Court’s certiorari serves as a vital opportunity to restore the centrality of multilateral trade system over nationalistic economic policies. Keywords: EU; USA; Tariffs; WTO; US Supreme Court; Multilateralism
Il Tribunal Constitucional si pronuncia sulla Ley Orgánica de Amnistía: qualche considerazione sulla sentenza destinata a concludere il procés indipendentista catalano
This paper examines the Spanish Constitutional Court’s judgment No. 137/2025, which declared the constitutionality of the Catalan amnesty law. It reconstructs the political and constitutional background of the procés and the legislative genesis and substance of the Ley Orgánica 1/2024, through which the clemency measure was introduced. Finally, it analyzes the Court’s reasoning on the general admissibility of amnesty within the 1978 Constitution. The study concludes with critical observations on the actual capacity of the law, though declared constitutional, to achieve the proposed goal of reconciliation. Keywords: Amnesty Law; Spain; Spanish Constitutional Court; Secession; Catalan issue
I bilanci di genere nella dimensione europea: Italia e Spagna a confronto
Gender budgeting in Europe: prospectives from Italy and Spain - In this research paper, the aim is to investigate why there’s such a big gap in gender equality and gender budgeting in the Spanish and Italian systems. This analysis is not easy or obvious and must be conducted as part of the European dimension of gender budgets in the context of Next Generation EU and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, as public intervention programming that are strongly oriented towards gender inclusion and combating gender discrimination, according to a system that is tightly bound between social conditionality (like those related to the pursuit of gender equality and environmental concerns) and financial conditionalities (like mechanisms capable of suspending or interrupting European funding to Member States that do not respect the values of the rule of law due to systemic deficiencies that could undermine the main objectives and proper spending of European programmes). Keywords: Spain; Italy; Gender mainstreaming; Gender budgeting; Next Generation EU
Divergenze e convergenze nella governance dell’intelligenza artificiale: un confronto sull’attuazione dell’AI Act in Italia e Spagna
Divergences and convergences in artificial intelligence governance: a comparison of the implementation of the AI Act in Italy and Spain - The article examines the governance model of the AI Act and its transposition in Italy and Spain, comparing the solutions adopted in the two legal systems. Through an analysis of the designated authorities and their functions, it highlights how both national experiences, while diverging in terms of organisation, converge towards structures characterised by a limited independence from the executive, raising critical issues in relation to EU law. Keywords: AI act; governance; Autorità designate; Italia; Spagna
Trump e la frattura epistemica dello stato Dalla perturbazione fisiologica dell’interesse presidenziale alla deformazione della funzione cognitiva dell’intelligence
With the Trump presidencies, the epistemic order of the American Republic enters a phase of visible strain. The article shows how narrative pressure exerted on the cognitive function of intelligence tends to reduce the gap between political decision and operative truth, thereby making explicit the role of “Article Zero” as a presupposition of the republican form. This device refers to the historical centrality of U.S. security as the operational horizon of the constitutional order and to the internal gap that runs through the presidential function between decision and the production of knowledge. From this perspective, the identification between American national interest and the possibility of democracy in the world takes the shape of a historical configuration made practicable by the persistence of this epistemic gap. Through a historical and theoretical reconstruction—from the Cold War to the post-9/11 security architecture—the article argues that, when this gap is compressed, the constitutive tension of the American order evolves into a fracture whose effects extend beyond the United States. Keywords: Article Zero; Presidential power; Intelligence and knowledge production; Epistemic gap; U.S. constitutional order
La riforma costituzionale dell’organizzazione giudiziaria in Italia e la tenuta dei princìpi di autonomia e indipendenza della Magistratura: profili comparatistici
The constitutional reform of the judicial organization in Italy and the maintenance of the principles of autonomy and independence of the Judiciary: comparative profiles – The paper analyzes within the framework of comparative law the draft of the constitutional reform of the judicial system approved by Parliament in Italy. It examines the three main contents of the draft: the separation of the careers and of the Superior Councils of prosecutors and judges; the introduction of a draw to select the magistrates of the two Councils; the devolution of disciplinary power over all magistrates to the High Disciplinary Court. Finally, the paper examines the characteristics of the new "model" of the Judiciary that could emerge from the implementation of the reform and, in particular, the maintenance of the principles of autonomy and independence with respect to the current system. Keywords: Judiciary; Constitutional reform; Autonomy; Independence; Comparative law
Dal «take back control» alle nuove strategie cooperative. L’evoluzione delle geometrie istituzionali post-Brexit alla luce del cambio di paradigma politico a Westminster
From «take back control» to the new cooperative strategies. The evolution of post-Brexit institutional geometries in light of Westminster’s latest political shift - Over a decade after the Brexit referendum, UK-EU relations remain a central feature of both British and European public debate. In this context, the Labour Party’s recent electoral success has opened a new phase in the relationship between London and Brussels. This paper aims to trace the development of this renewed engagement, by examining the new Government’s efforts to establish more structured and sector-specific forms of cooperation with EU institutions, all within the constitutional limits set by the outcome of the 2016 referendum. Keywords: United Kingdom; European Union; Brexit; Labour Party; Reset Agreement
Oltre lo specchio. Trumpy-Dumpty e la crisi del Rule of Law
Beyond the Looking Glass: Trumpty Dumpty and the Crisis of the Rule of Law - The first year of Trump’s second term has been widely described as a grave sign of crisis for American democracy—and beyond—and as a dangerous authoritarian turn in the rule of law. The muscular use of executive orders, in particular, appears to signal a constitutional derailment. Yet, to grasp the problem in depth, one must ask what deeper forces have enabled Trump’s rise, and whether he represents the cause of the current turmoil or rather the symptom of a broader crisis within Western liberalism. These developments must be situated within a longer-term transformation marked by the expansion of executive power and the normalization of emergency governance, as well as by growing identity-based polarization that has eroded constitutional fairness. The article argues that the future of American liberalism depends on our ability to distinguish between a contingent deviation and a systemic crisis, and on the reconstruction of a sustainable balance among rights, limits on power, and democratic legitimacy. Keywords: Constitutionalism; Liberalism; Rule of Law; Democratic Crisis; Trump
Una crisi “a geometria variabile”? Il cambiamento climatico dall’attivismo giurisprudenziale alla COP del “World minus one”
L’evoluzione storica delle istituzioni dell’Albania e la Costituzione del 1925
The historical evolution of the institutions of Albania and the Constitution of 1925 - The history of Albanian constitutional law, after the end of the centuries-old Ottoman domination, has been quite troubled, having passed through the legal form of the Principality to arrive at the parliamentary Republic, based on the Constitution of 1925. This Constitution, however ephemeral, has nevertheless introduced into the Albanian system of public law the principle of separation of powers, laying the foundations for the implementation of the rule of law, albeit with Balkan characteristics. Keywords: Constitutional history of Albania; Albanian fundamental statute of 1925; Parliamentary republic; Separation of powers; Rule of law
The Albanian form of state, from national independence to the 1925 Constitution
The Albanian form of state, from national independence to the 1925 Constitution - Albania, which had been part of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century, gained independence on November 28, 1912, when prominent nationalist activists, led by Ismail Qemali, severed ties with the empire. In February 1914, the European powers established the Principality of Albania under the rule of the German-born Prince Wilhelm von Wied. Prince Wied's reign began during a period of instability. Due to persistent political factionalism and the challenges posed by World War I, Prince Wied resigned after six months, leading to the principality's collapse. The period between Albania's declaration of independence and the start of World War II was considered to be characterized by a rapid succession of historical and legal changes. This tumultuous context helps explain why the nation's founders appear to have struggled to establish a stable governmental structure. As a result, the initial institutions often failed to live up to the constitutional ideals they were intended to embody. As we commemorate the centenary of the first Albanian national constitution of 1925, keeping in mind the conditions, circumstances, and prevailing ideologies that shaped this important legal and political milestone in Albanian history, it is important to emphasize that it represents a crucial legal development with a significant impact on the country's legal history. Keywords: Constitution; Form of state; Republicanism; Monarchy; Presidential powers; The search for a stable state form
The form of government in the Republic of Albania (1925–1928)
The brief existence of the Albanian Republic (1925–1928) was marked by distinctive features in its form of governance. Although it marked a transitional phase toward the establishment of the monarchy, the study of its form of governance remains valuable in the context of Albanian history and comparative constitutional law. This paper examines the distribution of powers among various institutions and their interrelations, within both a historical and constitutional context. The analysis of the form of governance serves the purpose of this study by shedding light on how this parliamentary republic functioned—where the Head of State also served as Head of Government and was vested with extensive powers. Keywords: Albanian Republic (1925-1928); Form of government; Separation of powers; Electoral law; Albanian parliament
The role of the Parliament in the Albanian Constitution of 1925
The role of the Parliament in the Albanian Constitution of 1925 - The history of parliamentarism in Albania is undoubtedly linked to its constitutional background and that of the models originating from other states, especially those within Europe and the United States. This essay will examine the primary role and functions of parliament as a constitutional body in the state-building process. Then we will discuss the role of parliament in the constitution of the First Republic of 1925, a constitution that, for the first and last time, provided for a bicameral parliament. This study will be based on a comparison with parliaments of the time, as well as on the impact it has had on future parliaments of the Albanian state to the present day. Keywords: Albanian Constitutions; Constitution of 1925; Parliament; Public law; Comparative law
A comparative view of the mandate of the deputy in the Albanian Constitution of 1925
A comparative view of the mandate of the deputy in the Albanian Constitution of 1925 - This essay analyses the evolution of the constitutional provisions on the deputy's mandate in Albania, particularly emphasising the Constitution of 1925. From a historical overview of Albanian Constitutional developments until 1925, the study examines how the 1925 Constitution conceptualised the deputy’s mandate. Further, the study makes some comparative considerations with some European constitutions and a diachronic exam up to the present in Albania. Keywords: Mandate of the deputy; Albanian constitutions; Constitution of 1925; Diachronic exam; Comparative law
The 1925 Constitution and its impact on political and legal developments in Albania
The 1925 Constitution and its impact on political and legal developments in Albania - The 1925 Constitution marks a pivotal moment in Albania's political and legal history, establishing the groundwork for a republican system following the conclusion of the princedom era and the challenges of state formation. This study analytically evaluates the Constitution's content, emphasising the structure of the presidential republic, the responsibilities of the President, and the constraints on the functions of the legislative and judicial branches. This analysis examines how the constitution legitimised the consolidation of Ahmet Zog's personal authority and contributed to the establishment of a centralising authoritarian system. It also evaluates its influence on the transformation of the legal system, in comparison to the preceding Ottoman legislation and the endeavours for modernisation in accordance with the Western model. The research employs an interdisciplinary approach to critically examine the short-term and long-term effects of this constitution on Albanian political and legal life, thereby enhancing the comprehension of institutionalisation processes in Albania during the 1920s. Keywords: Constitution of 1925; Republic; Ottoman legislation; Authoritarian system; Western model of governance
Organization and functioning of the justice system in Albania, 1925–1928
Organization and functioning of the justice system in Albania, 1925–1928 - The Albanian Constitution of 1925 established, for the first time in the country's history, a comprehensive system of justice administration. This judicial system, however, has suffered serious problems of effectiveness throughout its duration. Keywords: Albanian Constitution of 1925; System of administration of justice; Implementation of the rule of law; Inefficient application of legal provisions
Normativa costituzionale del 1925 sulla Corte dei conti: istituzione di una magistratura speciale?
The 1925 constitutional provisions on the Court of Auditors: a special judiciary established? - This paper outlines the most significant aspects of the 1925 constitutional provisions regarding the establishment of the Court of Auditors, highlighting its functions as an institution for controlling public finances. It provides historical notes on the Court of Auditors within the historical context of the state, highlighting the guarantees of the Court of Auditors' independence. The analysis takes into consideration the functions of preventive control and repressive control of the accounts of the entire state administration, underlining elements of a special nature of the judiciary. Keywords: Preventive control; Management control; Public finances; Special judiciary; Court of Auditors
Organization and functioning of local government during the period 1925–1928
Organization and functioning of local government during the period 1925–1928 - The essay examines the Municipalities Law of 1923, approved when the previous constitution, the “Extended Statute of Lushnja” of 1922, was in force. This law remained valid until 1934, when a new law on municipalities was approved, but by that time a new constitution, the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of 1928, had already come into force. Regarding the organization and functioning of the civil administration of the prefectures and sub-prefectures in Albania, these were organized according to the law of 1922 and subsequently the law of 23 May 1928. Therefore, in the period 1925-1928, the only legislative act approved relating to local power was this one. Keywords: Constitutions of 1925 and 1928; Municipalities; Prefectures and sub-prefectures; Legislative acts applied in the period 1925-1928
Diritti e libertà nella Costituzione albanese del 1925
Rights and Liberties n the Albanian Constitution of 1925 - The Albanian Constitution of 1925 presents interesting peculiarities from the perspective of the regulation of fundamental rights. Although drafted quickly, it represents the end product of previous layers, with comprehensive regulations, especially regarding private property and fundamental freedoms. Keywords: Fundamental rights in the 1925 Albanian Constitution; Stage-by-stage process; Private property; Fundamental freedoms
Freedom of speech and press in the Albanian Constitution of 1925
Freedom of Speech and Press in the Albanian Constitution of 1925 - The paper analyzes the statutory regulation of freedom of speech and the press in the 1925 Constitution, seen in a comparative perspective alongside the fundamental acts and legislation of the Albanian state, both before and after the proclamation of the Republic in 1925. This analysis is preceded by a reflection on the historical perspective of the development of the Albanian press, highlighting the key moments and the characteristics of the press in comparison with the development of the press in other countries. Keywords: Freedom of speech; Freedom of the press; Preliminary censorship; Fundamental Statute; Comparative law
La libertà religiosa in Albania prima e dopo la Costituzione del 1925. Il ruolo del clero nella formazione e nel consolidamento delle istituzioni
Religious freedom in Albania before and after the 1925 constitution. The role of the clergy in the formation and consolidation of the institutions – Albania represents a significant experience for understanding the development and relevance of religious freedom, having had the misfortune throughout its history to violently transition from institutional, legal, and political systems of great importance to religion to systems of total denial and prohibition of it. The aim of this paper is to investigate how religious freedom was regulated by the 1925 Constitution, with particular attention to the situation prior to its approval and the subsequent period. A peculiarity of Albanian institutional history concerns the role the clergy played in political and legal institutions during crucial moments in the birth and consolidation of the Albanian State. Keywords: Constitution of 1925; Religious freedom; Institutions, Clergy; Transition and consolidation of the Albanian State
La Chiesa cattolica in Albania: missione e diplomazia pontificia negli anni della Repubblica (1925-1928)
The Catholic Church in Albania: mission and papal diplomacy during the years of the Republic (1925-1928) - The paper aims to analyze, through unpublished archive sources, the turbulent relationship between the Holy See and the Albanian State during the period of the country’s institutional transformations, under the leadership of President Ahmet Zogu. Through the dispatches of the apostolic delegates who succeeded between 1924 and 1928, Ernesto Cozzi and Giovanni Battista Della Pietra, the research will reconstruct the relations between the Republic of Albania and the Catholic minority, exploring the negotiations in view of a Concordat, which was never concluded, also due to the contrasts linked to the separatist and secularist attitude shown by the Government. Keywords: Albanian Republic; Ahmet Zogu; Holy see; Concordat; Diplomacy
Proporzionalità, concorrenza, libertà di espressione e pluralismo: la vicenda Klubrádió di fronte alla Corte di giustizia
Title: Proportionality, Competition, Freedom of Expression, and Pluralism: The Klubrádió Case Keywords: Klubrádió; Hungary; Proportionality; Media pluralism.
Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea e telemedicina
Title: European Court of Justice and telemedicine Keywords: Telemedicine; Cro
Quando il fulmine incontra l’aereo: il perimetro delle circostanze eccezionali tra giurisprudenza ed evoluzione normativa
Title: When Lightning Strikes the Aircraft: The Scope of Extraordinary Circumstances between Case Law and Legislative Developments Keywords: Extraordinary circumstances; All reasonable measures; Long delay; Compensation; Air carrier
Il riconoscimento della madre intenzionale tra Corte EDU e Corte costituzionale italiana: note a margine di X. c. Italia
Title: The Recognition of the Intended Mother between the European Court of Human Rights and the Italian Constitutional Court: Notes on X. v. Italy Keywords: Surrogacy; Adoption; Best interest of the child
EU restrictive measures and freedom of expression: a new frontier against disinformation and hybrid threats
Title: Misure retrittive dell’Unione europe e libertà di espressione: una nuova frontiera contro la disinformazione e le minacce ibride Keywords: Sanctions against Russia; Disinformation; Propaganda; Hybrid threats; Designations
“Sem anistia e sem perdão”: il Supremo Tribunal Federal condanna Jair Bolsonaro per il tentato “golpe” dell’8 gennaio 2023
Title: “Sem anistia e sem perdão”: the Supremo Tribunal Federal condemns Jair Bolsonaro for the attempted coup of 8 January 2023 Keywords: Bolsonaro coup attempt; Fake news; Coalitional presidentialism
Istituzionalizzando il mileismo? Note sulle elezioni argentine del 26 ottobre 2025
Title: Institutionalising mileism? Notes on the Argentine elections of 26 October 2025 Keywords: Argentina; Legislative elections; Javier G. Milei